What Is a Sanction in Court? Explaining Penalties and Consequences in California and Federal Litigation
If you have been involved in litigation or even watched legal dramas, the term “sanction” may sound alarming. But what does it really mean when a judge imposes a sanction in court, and how can it affect your case?
The Meaning of “Sanction” in Legal Proceedings
In both California and federal courts, a sanction is any penalty or consequence imposed by a judge for improper conduct, violation of court rules, or abuse of the litigation process. The underlying purpose of sanctions is to maintain order, ensure fairness, and deter bad-faith actions. Sanctions can be monetary (fines), procedural (striking pleadings), or, in extreme cases, can include dismissal of claims or entry of default.
Common Grounds for Sanctions
Sanctions may be imposed for a range of misconduct or procedural violations, including:
Filing frivolous or bad-faith motions or lawsuits
Failure to comply with discovery obligations, such as refusing to produce documents or answer interrogatories
Violating court orders, including deadlines or protective orders
Deceiving the court or abusing the litigation process (for example, hiding evidence, or lying under oath)
Engaging in harassing, oppressive, or dilatory tactics
Legal Authority for Sanctions
California Law:
California courts have broad authority to impose sanctions under the Code of Civil Procedure and the California Rules of Court. For example, Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 128.7 allows judges to sanction parties or attorneys who file improper pleadings or motions—this is analogous to federal Rule 11. Discovery sanctions are covered by Cal. Civ. Proc. Code §§ 2023.010–2023.040.
Federal Law:
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11 permits sanctions for filings presented for improper purposes, making frivolous arguments, or lacking factual support (Fed. R. Civ. P. 11). Federal courts also impose sanctions for discovery abuses under Fed. R. Civ. P. 37 and for general noncompliance under Rule 16 or local rules. Courts may also use their inherent authority to penalize egregious misconduct.
Types of Sanctions
Monetary Sanctions: Fines payable to the court or to the opposing party for wasted time or expense.
Issue or Evidence Sanctions: Disallowing a party from introducing certain evidence, or finding certain facts against them.
Terminating Sanctions: The most severe, including dismissing claims, entering default, or striking pleadings.
Contempt of Court: In extreme cases, a party can be held in contempt, which can result in jail time.
How Sanctions Affect Litigants
Sanctions are not just technical penalties—they can dramatically change the outcome of your case. Monetary sanctions can add thousands of dollars in liability. Evidence, issue, or terminating sanctions can make it impossible to win your case, regardless of the underlying facts.
What Should You Do If Faced With Sanctions?
Take all court orders and deadlines seriously
Respond promptly to discovery requests and work cooperatively
Never mislead the court or conceal evidence
If a motion for sanctions is filed against you, consult an attorney immediately—do not attempt to represent yourself in a sanctions hearing without legal advice
If you believe the opposing party is misusing the process, you may request reasonable sanctions, but only with careful documentation and a solid legal basis
Conclusion
Sanctions in court are powerful tools for judges to enforce rules and maintain integrity in litigation. Whether in California or federal court, understanding what conduct triggers sanctions and how to avoid them is essential. Respectful, honest, and diligent participation is always the best way to protect yourself from unnecessary penalties.
Key Citations:
Cal. Civ. Proc. Code §§ 128.7, 2023.010–2023.040
Fed. R. Civ. P. 11, 16, 37
